{
  "title": "Abraham Accords Benefit Index (pilot)",
  "edition": "Pilot, October 2026",
  "notes": "Only verified cells are filled. 'n/a' means no verified source yet; never estimate. url_verified=false means the publisher is known from the pilot research but the exact page URL must be re-checked and added by the Index Desk before launch.",
  "access_date_default": "2026-10-27",
  "trade_with_israel": [
    {
      "country": "UAE",
      "metric": "Bilateral goods trade with Israel",
      "value_usd_m": 0.23,
      "display": "$0.23m",
      "year": "2019",
      "period": "2019 full year (baseline)",
      "source": "UN Comtrade (Israel-reported goods trade)",
      "source_url": "https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=376&period=2019&partnerCode=784&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=M,X",
      "url_verified": false,
      "access_date": "2026-10-27"
    },
    {
      "country": "UAE",
      "metric": "Bilateral goods trade with Israel",
      "value_usd_m": 3254.1,
      "display": "$3,254.1m",
      "year": "2024",
      "period": "2024 full year",
      "source": "UN Comtrade (Israel-reported goods trade)",
      "source_url": "https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=376&period=2024&partnerCode=784&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=M,X",
      "url_verified": true,
      "access_date": "2026-10-27"
    },
    {
      "country": "UAE",
      "metric": "Goods trade with Israel (UAE figure)",
      "value_usd_m": 3209,
      "display": "$3.209bn",
      "year": "2025",
      "period": "2025 goods",
      "source": "UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs",
      "source_url": "https://www.mofa.gov.ae/en/missions/tel-aviv/uae-relationships",
      "url_verified": true,
      "access_date": "2026-10-27"
    },
    {
      "country": "Bahrain",
      "metric": "Bilateral goods trade with Israel",
      "value_usd_m": 0,
      "display": "$0",
      "year": "2019",
      "period": "2019 (baseline)",
      "source": "AAPI",
      "source_url": "https://www.aapeaceinstitute.org",
      "url_verified": false,
      "access_date": "2026-10-27"
    },
    {
      "country": "Bahrain",
      "metric": "Bilateral goods trade with Israel",
      "value_usd_m": 70.5,
      "display": "$70.5m",
      "year": "2024",
      "period": "Jan–Jun 2024 (partial, not scored)",
      "source": "AAPI, using Israel CBS data",
      "source_url": "https://www.aapeaceinstitute.org",
      "url_verified": false,
      "access_date": "2026-10-27"
    },
    {
      "country": "Morocco",
      "metric": "Bilateral goods trade with Israel",
      "value_usd_m": null,
      "display": "n/a",
      "year": "2019",
      "period": "Baseline not yet sourced",
      "source": null,
      "source_url": null,
      "url_verified": false,
      "access_date": null
    },
    {
      "country": "Morocco",
      "metric": "Bilateral goods trade with Israel",
      "value_usd_m": 82.2,
      "display": "$82.2m",
      "year": "2024",
      "period": "Jan–Sep 2024 (partial, not scored)",
      "source": "AAPI, using Israel CBS data",
      "source_url": "https://www.aapeaceinstitute.org",
      "url_verified": false,
      "access_date": "2026-10-27"
    },
    {
      "country": "Sudan",
      "metric": "Bilateral goods trade with Israel",
      "value_usd_m": null,
      "display": "n/a",
      "year": null,
      "period": "No published data; Accords not ratified",
      "source": null,
      "source_url": null,
      "url_verified": false,
      "access_date": null
    },
    {
      "country": "Kazakhstan",
      "metric": "Bilateral goods trade with Israel",
      "value_usd_m": null,
      "display": "n/a",
      "year": null,
      "period": "Announced intention to join (6 Nov 2025); signing ceremony pending; no trade data yet",
      "source": "US State Department fact sheet",
      "source_url": "https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesperson/2025/11/a-new-era-in-u-s-kazakhstan-relations",
      "url_verified": true,
      "access_date": "2026-10-27"
    }
  ],
  "accords_wide": [
    {
      "metric": "Israel's trade with Accords partners",
      "baseline": {
        "value_usd_m": 593,
        "display": "$593m",
        "year": "2019"
      },
      "latest": {
        "value_usd_m": 3470,
        "display": "$3.47bn",
        "year": "2022"
      },
      "source": "AAPI, using Israel CBS data",
      "source_url": "https://www.aapeaceinstitute.org",
      "url_verified": false,
      "access_date": "2026-10-27"
    }
  ],
  "people_and_flights": [
    {
      "country": "UAE",
      "metric": "UAE–Israel passengers",
      "value": 1530000,
      "display": "1.53m",
      "year": "2025",
      "detail": "up from about 892,000 in 2024",
      "source": "UAE MOFA (corroborated by Israel Airports Authority 2025 annual report)",
      "source_url": "https://www.mofa.gov.ae/en/missions/tel-aviv/uae-relationships",
      "url_verified": true,
      "access_date": "2026-10-27"
    },
    {
      "country": "UAE",
      "metric": "UAE–Israel passengers",
      "value": 892000,
      "display": "c. 892,000",
      "year": "2024",
      "detail": "",
      "source": "UAE MOFA (corroborated by Israel Airports Authority 2025 annual report)",
      "source_url": "https://www.mofa.gov.ae/en/missions/tel-aviv/uae-relationships",
      "url_verified": true,
      "access_date": "2026-10-27"
    },
    {
      "country": "UAE",
      "metric": "Record weekly direct flights",
      "value": 136,
      "display": "136",
      "year": "2025",
      "detail": "about 120 in normal periods",
      "source": "UAE MOFA (corroborated by Israel Airports Authority 2025 annual report)",
      "source_url": "https://www.mofa.gov.ae/en/missions/tel-aviv/uae-relationships",
      "url_verified": true,
      "access_date": "2026-10-27"
    },
    {
      "country": "UAE",
      "metric": "Israeli visitors to the UAE",
      "value": 268000,
      "display": "268,000",
      "year": "2022",
      "detail": "",
      "source": "AAPI",
      "source_url": "https://www.aapeaceinstitute.org",
      "url_verified": false,
      "access_date": "2026-10-27"
    },
    {
      "country": "Bahrain",
      "metric": "Israeli visitors to Bahrain",
      "value": 2700,
      "display": "2,700",
      "year": "2022",
      "detail": "",
      "source": "AAPI",
      "source_url": "https://www.aapeaceinstitute.org",
      "url_verified": false,
      "access_date": "2026-10-27"
    }
  ],
  "countries": [
    "UAE",
    "Bahrain",
    "Morocco",
    "Sudan",
    "Kazakhstan",
    "Israel"
  ],
  "coverage": {
    "Trade": [
      "Data",
      "Partial",
      "Partial",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "Data (partner side)"
    ],
    "Tourism / flights": [
      "Data",
      "2022 only",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "Data (partner side)"
    ],
    "Investment": [
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a"
    ],
    "Tech / innovation": [
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a"
    ],
    "Security / defence": [
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a"
    ],
    "Health": [
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a"
    ],
    "Education / people": [
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a"
    ],
    "Culture / interfaith": [
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a"
    ],
    "Energy / water / climate": [
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a",
      "n/a"
    ]
  },
  "overall_scores": null,
  "security_note": {
    "text": "SIPRI: UAE 3 and Morocco 7 arms orders from Israel in 2020–24 vs none in 2015–19. Volume units (TIV), not dollars. Not scored.",
    "source": "SIPRI Arms Transfers Database",
    "source_url": "https://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers",
    "url_verified": false,
    "access_date": "2026-10-27"
  }
}